A Review of the Arnold Feuerman Patent
Here is a described recipe and formula for creating an inverted emulsion (water-in-oil).
It surprisingly produces a “clear†(rather than a “milkyâ€ÂÂ) emulsion of gasoline and water and has worked successfully for the inventor on mixes up to 22% water.
Besides being a clear emulsion, benefits are the simplicity and ease of mixing as the compatibility of the 2 surfactant types used, provide the normally incompatible liquids, complete disbursement and total miscibility, and in addition, only fractional amounts of the 2 nonionic surfactants are required.
This single document attempts to provide the reader all the information necessary to identify and acquire the necessary chemistry to create and test the emulsion recipe and to perform tests to develop the emulsion for their own use in creating and combusting the emulsion fuels in their own automobiles for testing. It should be tested with diesel and home heating oil and should be amenable to most if not all hydrocarbon fuels.
The 1975 United States Patent 4158551 claims the 22% water-in-gasoline fuel combusted properly with no modifications (at that time) to the test engine; and further demonstrated an increase of 25% in fuel economy.
Needed, are 2 chemicals commonly used by manufacturers and found among the ingredients listed in many common household and industry products.
They are (both) nonionic surfactants; unregulated and obtainable; and are both required for this rather flexible formula for emulsifying water and gasoline.
1.
Cocamide DEA **used in tests was trade name CALAMIDE C made by Pilot Chemical Company and VARAMIDE MA-1
made by Ashland Oil.
Generic Cocamide DEA is easy to obtain and available in 1gallon/5 gallon/55 gallon amounts.
A quick search found an available suppliers at the following links:
http://www.chemistrystore.com/cart.cgi?group=49899&child=49909
http://stores.ebay.com/The-Chemistry-Connection_Surfactants-Emulsifiers_W0QQcolZ2QQdirZ1QQfsubZ7QQftidZ2QQpZ3QQtZkm
**many "sample" sizes of various surfactant/emulsifiers here
Below Attached is a list of the various Trade Names of the various Cocamide DEA formulas on the market.
2. An EthOxylated NonylPhenol
There are many trade names and formula derivatives of this broad based nonionic surfactant;
all or many may work as well as another.
The 3 different formulas used were of the
Ethoxylated alkylphenol derivative variety and all worked.
All formulas had different Molar concentrations of Ethylene Oxide to NonyPhenol; and all variations worked.
It should be noted only Ethoxylated alkylphenol formulas were used in the patent testing and are listed as:
**VARONIC N30-7 and VARONIC N-6 made by Ashland Oil and IGEPAL CO210 made by GAF Corporation.
Below Attached is a list of the various Trade Names of the various EthOxylated NonylPhenol formulas on the market.
It is pointed out by this writer, that all or many of these common nonionic surfactants may work (especially of the Ethoxylated alkylphenol varieties) and that those used by the inventors were merely readily available at the time.
The following
various methods demonstrate the flexibility in creating the emulsion:
1 ml. of IGEPAL CO530 and 1 ml. of CALAMIDE C were poured into 78 ml. of gasoline and then 20 ml. of tap water was added. A slight shaking of the container formed a clear emulsion.
The gasoline-water emulsion of the present invention can be readily formed by adding the surfactants to the gasoline and then introducing tap water. No prior stirring between the gasoline and surfactants is required,
1.5 ml. of IGEPAL CO210 was added to 82 ml. of gasoline in a beaker. 1.5 ml. of CALAMIDE C was added and 15 ml. of water. A gentle shaking of the beaker produced a clear emulsion of the gasoline in the water.
3.5 ml. of VARONIC N30-7 and 3.5 ml. of VARAMIDE MA-1 were mixed with 70.5 ml. of gasoline and 22.5 ml. of water.
2 ml. of VARONIC N-6 was poured into a beaker containing 88 ml. of gasoline. 10 ml. of tap water were added and emulsified into the gasoline by gently shaking the beaker.
