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Solid States Devices => solid state devices => Topic started by: Vortex1 on August 07, 2008, 02:55:18 AM
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With so much speculation about Radiant Energy, why not build a detector to prove / disprove your circuits ability to generate this mysterious force.
We know from Tesla (per Lindemann and others) that it creates a stinging sensation on the skin and an electric charge on metallic objects, especially copper.
A RADIANT ENERGY DETECTOR?
May I suggest the creation of a metallic cylinder (a can) with a closed end. At the back center of the cylinder is mounted a BNC connector. A round section of copper or copper clad smaller than the ID of the cylinder is soldered to the center pin at the inside back of the cylinder, insuring that it does not touch the cylinder wall. A shielded BNC coax cable is connected to the cylinder connector and to the input of an electrometer or DC voltmeter with at least 100 Megohm input impedance.
A good ground on the voltmeter will drain off any radiant energy hitting the cylinder, allowing charge to accumulate only on the copper, and only if it receives direct radiation from the device under test. In this manner the radiant detector will be directional and somewhat immune to stray electrostatic fields.
A discharge switch may be added to reset and zero the detector. A fine mesh metallic screen may be added to the front to eliminate stray charge accumulation, as some of the radiant will make it through to charge the copper disc. The device described may also be useful in betavoltaic research.
In operation, the voltmeter or electrometer should reveal a marked increase in reading, a step function when a true radiant event occurs. Anything less than a step is probably ions or charged air particles and should be disregarded.
It is my speculation that radiant energy is a magnetic complete or circular section of flux around the wire that has experienced a disrupted or collided current flow and that said flux has been "disconnected" or broken and therefore manifests as pure potential (charge) that must therefore instantly repel in all directions perpendicular to the wire (radially hence radiant), with the field area surrounding the wire as the origin.
.....V
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Howdy Vortex1,
Excellent Idea! However, Radiant Energy would be more than one specific type of energy at a specific wavelength and energy level. The radiant energy is provided by stars and is accumulated in planets like they are capacitors. It can also be locked into matter and not released until the molecules of the matter that it is stored in are broken or destroyed. Like, take for instance a hickory tree. The hickory tree accumulates the radiant energy from the sun for a number of years as it is growing an getting larger. When the tree gets chopped down, is allowed to dry out and ultimately gets put into my smoker to make some Brined Smoked Chicken it releases the radiant energy that it has accumulated over several years.
But, then again, you are probably talking about fresh radiant energy, the kind we are looking for as an alternate energy source. It seems that if you had a ultra high frequency spectrum analyzer you could monitor radiant energy emissions from test circuit with the specialized probe that you described. We have to identify what band radiant energy is in. I speculate that it is in the lower near infrared band and is very similar to heat in its physical properties. What we consider to be heat energy is the low end of the near infrared band. I would think that radiant energy is slightly higher is frequency than heat energy.
I installed a Radiant Barrier in my house this year. This material blocks radiant energy, but is not specific about the specific wavelength which is radiant energy. It does state that it blocks ultra high frequency light, visible light, far and near infrared light, and down through the radio frequency spectrum. So, not much help in identifying exactly what radiant energy is. I personally think that radiant energy is a set of radiations. It occupies several bands from ultraviolet light down into the microwave radio range. Different bands of energy require different ways to receive and exploit the energies. It also requires different ways to detect and measure the energies...
I am looking forward to the "fruit" of this thread...
Blessed Be Brothers...
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i hear so many referring to RE like they produce it at will, and actually know what it is.
but oddly (or not), no one posts details of their setups, nor reasons why they think they have it.
until i see someone's RE evidence, i place it in the same category as SM's kicks--- the TBD category.
so great idea vortex.
now, where did i put that kick detector schematic ??? :P
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There seems to be a lot of confusion and interpretations about whatever "radiant" energy is.
The standard physics definition is any frequency emitted from a heated source. In the lab this is usually referenced by a "black body source". But this is not the definition bandied about by Tesla fans, and especially Lindemann, who are specifically referring to the radial bluish needle like (not corona) discharge around a conductor caused possibly by certain stress conditions of high amperage plus some type of inertia effect where the incoming current crowds the electrons in the wire before they can disperse and move in the wire as reported by Tesla
This is only one way we have been told that the effect is created, there may be others. So in this thread I would like to keep the definition consistent with the "Tesla observation"
Tesla also observed that after the "radiant event" metallic objects in the room acquired an "electric charge". This is the basis of the thread. We can measure the fact that an electric charge on a body has ocurred several ways. I don't need an accurate scale if we haven't defined the units, but I can make a measurement of the relative charge impinged on a metallic body.
I understand that there are other forms of "standard definition" radiant energy, such as solar, heat lamp hot wire, light bulb, glowing ember, flame, catalytic heater etc. This is not what we are referring to. For these types of "standard radiant energy" we have pyrometers, phototransistors and photomultiplier tubes to measure the effect, to name a few.
I would urge anyone who has duplicated the bluish,stinging, radial needle like discharge around a wire, not to be confused with ordinary corona effect, please post your setup in this thread so I can duplicate it and test my "radiant detector"
Regards.....V
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Howdy Vortex1,
I experienced intense blue-green discharges on the contacts of my relay when I was testing the Infinity Coil. I was alternating the terminals of a SLAB onto the center primary coil. The impedance of the center coil primary winding is really low, less than an ohm, so the coil was drawing high direct currents. The discharges were very intense, almost hypnotizing, and very hot. The current being drawn melted the solder on the internal relay contacts. This experiment was done with a source voltage of 12 volts, so we know that even low voltage can solicit a radiant discharge.
Blessed Be Brothers...
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well if it can be made with hv it also can be made with low voltage ..... why?
cuz it is the same amount of engery if you will use hi voltage you will need low amparage ... and if you use low voltage you will need high amparage 8)
right hand left hand ;D
the return will be the same ... it has been said as much as 1000 times ...
now if we could only make hv from a low voltage like a 9v battery charge a cap and dump it to a load fast enough ... we might have a tpu ...
ist
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To attempt to standardize radiant charge detectors:
A quick calculation shows that a 3.58 cm. diameter disc will have 10 square centimeters of surface area, a nice even number for calculations and it will fit easily into a food type can.
This should provide adequate sensitivity and allow for easy Volts per cm measurement. If I have made an error here it is open to correction.
If we standardize on a one meter (safe) distance of our detector from the generating device, we now have V/cm/m.
I have thought about using a small HV capacitor in the device to filter the output, but this would probably kill the impulse response. A 100 meghohm resistor would provide auto bleed down, but may not be needed as the input impedance of the VTVM or final measuring device may be adequate to provide bleed down.
Marco says he has already been down this road several years ago. I welcome his posts of test data and construction schematic of his "radiant" generator and "radiant" detector here.
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What?!
Do you realy think that i am going to write a book or draw schematics??
This has ALL been done before.
You just need to DIVE INTO THE TESLA POOL.
Like i did.
He has written down EXACTLY how to do this and there are more with diffrent methodes.
You really need to read and understand Tesla very carefully and then you will see he slips his tounge here and there.
If i need to write down all i did then i would end up with a copy of Tesla patents and that my friend is a waste of my time. :)
It is all in his patents.
Marco.
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Sorry to have asked, but thanks for the excerpt and the put down. I should be humbly reduced to a newbie.
So Tesla seems to be saying that the generally held belief is:
Extremely high frequency vibrations emitted that ionize the atmosphere through which the waves travel.
Whereas his own belief is that they are charged particles emitted of high velocity, and these charged particles can charge a neutral conductor or discharge a charged conductor in the vicinity.
Seems like the wave/particle paradox again. I will try to research this patent to arrive at the context.
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For reference, the excerpt comes from patents: 685,957 & 685,958.
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Sorry to have asked, but thanks for the excerpt and the put down. I should be humbly reduced to a newbie.
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Hey it's noy my intention to put anybody down.
I am just getting tired of people who want me to *show* *proof* *tell* them things that they better can discover by theirselves.
The information is widely available and all it takes is some time to read, and some time to try things.
Even if i would draw and post a working schematic of whatever device, still nobody would notice or do something with it.
It's like they are all waiting for somebody to come to their bench and show them how to do something so they can then try it themselves.
I am sure that when you go deeply into the patents you will find some intresting lines there that Tesla seemed to have left there especially for you...
This seperates the people who are willing to try something from the people who are so called "ass sitters" demanding for whatever whoever is going to give them so the only thing they can do is sit on their ass forever :)
Marco.
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@Marco, you sure are patient.
@all,
Can I share my pain? LOL.
This has been posted for 1yr + 8mo.
http://www.overunity.com/index.php/topic,1872.msg21431.html#msg21431
Kind of complex but right off the 390721 and the 382282. These are tatooed right on my brain. No really, just above the medula oblongata.
http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat390721.pdf
http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat382282.pdf
12v @ 2 amps. Wow!
But wait! There's more. He stated iron wire center right in the patent. We have a winner, folks!
And I thank Otto for the configuration wiring.
Is this a test to see if I still have my mind? Granted I got burns and headaches but...
Oh, just go ahead build it, turn it on and stick it real close to your head. Maybe the belief system will expand.
There is a possibility of teleportation to a front row seat in the sandbox at the tard farm.
--giantkiller. Put me in your will, please.
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@Marco, you sure are patient.
@all,
Can I share my pain? LOL.
This has been posted for 1yr + 8mo.
http://www.overunity.com/index.php/topic,1872.msg21431.html#msg21431
Kind of complex but right off the 390721 and the 382282. These are tatooed right on my brain. No really, just above the medula oblongata.
http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat390721.pdf
http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat382282.pdf
12v @ 2 amps. Wow!
But wait! There's more. He stated iron wire center right in the patent. We have a winner, folks!
And I thank Otto for the configuration wiring.
Is this a test to see if I still have my mind? Granted I got burns and headaches but...
Oh, just go ahead build it, turn it on and stick it real close to your head. Maybe the belief system will expand.
There is a possibility of teleportation to a front row seat in the sandbox at the tard farm.
--giantkiller. Put me in your will, please.
ahhhhhh, please don't. ::)
i thought this thread was about RE detection. please don't recycle that unrelated "stuff" where it's not appropriate. so the het thread is dead, too bad. keep this "stuff" there if you don't mind.
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hi
what you are saying here
dont say nothing bad for the <marco> this man is realy good do not say eny bad for marco
and i thing this is good theme <radiant energy keep going whit that
ATHERE THING FOR TESLA TR.
IM WONDERING WHAT IS THE FINAL PORPOSE OF TESLA TR <
IS THAT FOR JUST TOY OR HAVE FOR ATHER WORK
TESLA HAS MAKE THAT FOR <FUN>>OR JUST TO MAKE TO CLEAN THE AIR OF DUST
I DONT THING THE TESLA HAS DOING AND MAKE THAT FOR THIS <<<<<<<<<<<<MAST BEING SOMETHING SECRET OF TESLA COIL TR. BUT WE DONT HAVE THAT ;)
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intresting gk
to say the least....
i do like the pattend with the motor the generator and the transformer in 1unit..... a TPU what? that easy ... errrrrrr lol
also the last pattend you posted lol 4 spark gaps ... switch in the right time with 4 primares and 4 secondaries ... well
any how i finished my whats up ist tpu deal ... well results were poor but it does do somthing ....
i can lite a super bright led a 9v one to about 1/2 brightness from my freq genny set to 1v ... at 20k hz so yay
not the results im after....
better keep fishing... :)
ist
@gk about that pattend the first 1 ... the transformer is inverted ... it steps down hv to lower voltage .. btw that is the first time i ever saw that pattend
any one gonna build it? im gonna start the transformer today i will use 22 ga as my secondary and romex 12 ga as primary wound on a garden wire core i will tune them mass to mass to get my lengths of wire based upon the winds showen in the pattend as i have herd tesla was tight on his dwgs.... meaning you can take em as you see em ;)
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you guys sure know how to fuck up a thread, nice going.
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Here is a quote from Steven compared to the words of Tesla :)
These things you can find when you start to dig into the past.
M.
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Here is a quote from Steven compared to the words of Tesla :)
These things you can find when you start to dig into the past.
M.
I just realized that waht Tesla detected was the Earth-equivalent of the Roentgen Current. In Roentgen's experiment he moved a dielectric between two charged plates. With Tesla's storm and magnetomoeters, the plates are the earth and ionosphere. The "dielectric" between the plates creates a current when it is displaced. Thunderstorms would cause the aether field of the earth to expand and contract, this difference in density could propagate as well.
Usable power all around. The trick is harnessing it.
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EDIT:
Here is my RE detector - which connects to a VTVM for measurement.
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I was wondering if an re detector could be put together using a rectifier vacuum tube operated under a high potential reverse voltage. Any re energy would then result in a current pulse as it hits the rarified field between the electrodes. I suppose we could use a diode with the same reverse voltage on it. Tubes are bigger though.
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May I offer something that works for me?
Here is a circuit so close it doesn't matter much... http://www.ece.rochester.edu/~jones/demos/ahern.html
Please pay special attention to the construction details about material of the housing, shielding, grounding and the 'no insulation' on the antenna part. Don't bother with any antenna suggestions he has.
My antenna is more like Vortex1 describes. Instead of a BNC connector in the back I have a hole just big enough for the resistor. The 'antenna side' of the resistor is soldered to a thin copper disc inside the tube.
I suggest you don't cheat on the caps, either.
The straight piece of stiff coax works almost as well when feeding a scope.
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I forgot to mention......
If you become good at moving charges have spare ICs on-hand. High intensity or speed will blow the chips.
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Sparks...interesting idea with the HV vacuum rectifier tube, but you might need a gas in the tube to ionize, that is, if RE can even ionize a gas. If it can, a NE2 neon bulb might work.
Could RE increase the conduction of the rectifier tube without ionizing gas?
If RE is an ionizing radiation that can penetrate a thin glass wall, a Geiger counter would also work.
Besides my homemade detector I also use this hand held ES meter, but it has a slow reaction time.
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Electrons in a tube are free of the atomic mass of the metal. The energy of their angular momentum is now evident on the aether as well as their mass velocity. We got ourselves a spinning fast ball. I believe the xray em wave from this current is due to the energy of the angular momentum of the electron field being radiated or given up to the field in conjunction with the magnetic displacement of the aether due to the particles velocity. This Roentgen current is very energetic and I can see it popping alot of electronics. In a lightning plasma again we see particle acceleration or charge carriers experiencing inertial gain. Particle accelerators are topping out with emwave acceleration and are experimenting with plazma excitation resulting in waves the particles surf transversely. Tabletop particle acceleration is the goal. And the lowly alternator is moving charge carriers but very slowly and at great input expense.
Modify: @vortex The rectifier tube uses an ionized gas. One of the original rectifiers used mercury vapor. This was a step up from vibrating contact current actuated relays.
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Hello peepz :)
Here is a picture of a radiant energy detector.
(http://www.klipsch.com/images/472/400x400.aspx)
It cannot get much easier...
Did i mention it is the transmitter that is more important?
I think i did somwhere.
Marco.
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Modify: @vortex The rectifier tube uses an ionized gas. One of the original rectifiers used mercury vapor. This was a step up from vibrating contact current actuated relays.
Sparks
Some rectifier tubes use an ionized gas e.g. mercury vapor such as type 0Z4, 3B28,816, 866A.
Most common rectifier tubes operate at high vacuum without a gas such as mercury. Typical of these are 1B3, 1AX2 etc for high voltage rectifiers (kV) and 5U4, 5Y3,5V4, 5AR4 etc for low voltage (sub kV).
The advantage of the gas rectifiers is lower internal impedance hence lower voltage drop, however they produce a lot of hash noise which must be adequately filtered with chokes and capacitors off the plates Additionally, they require the filaments to be switched on 60 seconds or so before plate voltage is applied to fully vaporize the mercury..
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I'm going to assume by radiant energy that you mean atmospheric energy. with that said, it all depends on the atmosphere. if you want to test your location for energy ( which depends on weather) , strap some pvc/ribbon/cat hair insulated from the vehicle ( this would be +) on ur car with a multi meter and ground it to a bucket of dirt sitting in the car. if you wanna have fun , build a static motor and hook it up. I did research this 10 years ago with best readings of 50 watts @ 50 mph. then i posted it on halfbaked.com, and got hanged in country square for it. Go figure.
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@Vortex
Lil ambiguity on my part. I meant that the hypothetical tube I would use would utilize an ionized gas exposed to a constant dc voltage. Would be interesting to see what shows up on a scope as it is exposed to various emscources.
@Xooo13
I define radiant energy as electomagnetic wave energy produced by mass as a consequence of it's energy density. Blackbody radiation. Of course the magnetic part doesn't get too far which leaves us with a pretty much electrostatic radiation.
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Just another thought. In a bulb or ss device that is under reversed voltage below the breakdown voltage we have ourselves a plazma of sorts. The +ions over here and the electrons over there. Between these two fields we have a pinch zone. Now if we relax the voltage and the pinch zone gets smaller I am wondering if electromagnetic waves traveling transverse to the tube would experience an increase in amplitude and frequency as they pass through this weird dielectric field?
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RE Detection:
Charge a 100V cap to 50V.
Cut two separate pieces of wire around 8 feet long that has good insulation!
Connect one wire to one terminal and the other wire to the other terminal - no circuit!
Curl the wires up into two rough cylinders, diameter unimportant!
Place near the coil, now pulse the coil whilst measuring the voltage on the cap and scoping the cap!
On the scope it looks like a very short burst of sustained oscillation!
Voltage on cap will steadyly rise! Cut wire down to get best pulse definition!
;D
Spider
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@marco
good wire i need that for make the tpu ;)
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Spider,
Sounds interesting and easy. I would like to try it. I just have a few questions:
RE Detection:
Charge a 100V cap to 50V.
Cut two separate pieces of wire around 8 feet long that has good insulation!
Connect one wire to one terminal and the other wire to the other terminal - no circuit!
Curl the wires up into two rough cylinders, diameter unimportant!
Air coils?
Stranded wire ok?
Place near the coil,
Place the cap near the coil(s)?
Does the relative orientation of the coils make a difference; inline, side-by-side, other?
now pulse the coil
As in touch the unconnected ends of the coils together momentarily by hand?
whilst measuring the voltage on the cap and scoping the cap!
On the scope it looks like a very short burst of sustained oscillation!
Voltage on cap will steadyly rise! Cut wire down to get best pulse definition!
;D
Spider
A photo of your set-up would be appreciated.
Thanks man. ;)
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@Ro,
The cap and the 2 wires is just a measuring device. Its not generating RE.
You have to place it near your TPU, tetra or kickcoil build.
Like Spherics said, sticking 2 copper bars in the field already give a considerable voltage reading.
Even with what Marco posted you could measure RE near a device.
btw its not my idea, I got it from Spherics.
Spider.
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Yes that is correct.
It is the copper supercharging effect.
These high voltage pulses eject the RE particles perpendicular out of the copper thet is being pulsed and this in turn charges up copper nearby.
In a vacuum tube the electrons are boiled off the heater in an exact similar way as water molecules escape from boiling water.
RE seems to brute force particles out of the metal that is pulsed.
However i would like to say that the voltages Spider mentioned are way too low to generate the effect.
In any case the pulses have to be higher then the ambient potential, the voltage all things on the surface are charged to.
As a guideline you can look at the QUAD ESL electrostatic loudspeaker.
It has build in two step up transformers and voltage multipliers , step up the low voltage to voltages well above 5000 Volts and higher.
Combine that with a delay line and you have found youreself a kicking setup.
In the ESL63 the standard delay is 24microseconds which responds to an runtime diffrence in air of about 8mm.
Steven was wrapping his own iron "bailing wire" delay coils so in essence he used diffrent timings.
Marco.
(http://www.mykindofmusic.com/photogal/esl63.jpg)
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You can look up the patent :)
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Delay lines :)
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Delay line :)
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Inside esl63 :)
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Service data sheet :)
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3,5Kv voltage multiplier. :)
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3,5Kv Print :)
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7500 Volt Print :)
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10-20 Kv :)
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@Marco,
Nice post!!
handy to have those hv circuits.
Are those your speakers?
Mooi tapijtje ;)
Spider
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No thats a picture i found on Google.
The people who have these ESL63's always seem to have mooie tapijtjes :).
I think it has got something to do with damping the sound.
Anyway these circuits will give you the desired high voltage you can use to generate the kick.
These are all Cockcroft-Walton based.
Marco.
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@Marco,
I hope Rosphere is happy now.
I pulled some stuff together and am ready to build some sparkers. LOL
Spider.
Mooie tapijtjes, you can't have enough of them. ::)
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Hey men Spider looking good!!. ;D
But keep in mind these big caps need much more time to charge up.
Are those Neon sign transformers?
Marco.
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@Marco,
Yup They are, 4000V. Wanna borrow one? :D Maybe I 'll test one this afternoon.Scare the cat.
1000Volt doides.
I know about those big caps, you can burn a 12 volt ligthbulb of off one for 3 seconds.
Spider.
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NOW YOU ARE READY FOR TPU <BE CAREFUL WHIT THIS CASCADE > ;)
WAY YOU MAKE WHIT MORE DIODES YOU DONT NEED 10 OR MORE DIODE TO GET HV
SIMPLE MAKE PULSE CIRCUITS ABOUT <15Khz WHIT SOME DRIVER TO SOME SMALL FERTH TR. AND THEN INCREASE THE V TO LETS SAY 1200V AND THEN PUT ORGINALL TV CASCADE OLD AND THEN YOU HAVE 10000 OR MORE HV OF THE CASCADE
\
LIKE TV HV TRANSFORMATOR WHIT CASCADE THAT CASCADE INSAID HAVE 5 DIODE NO MORE
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@all,
Oke test done, here is the clip :D
http://www.overunity.com/index.php?action=tpmod;dl=get147
Not my dog!!
Spider
Maybe I should spray some water on it, for all the HHO fans :)
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Marco
Nice post on the Quad ESL's. I was given a pair to repair back in the early 70's. Brings back memories.
For those interested in rolling your own ESL's try "Electrostatic Loudspeaker Design and Construction by Ronald Wagner. It gets into the delay line theory etc. much of which is also in the Walker patents.
The "Audio Amateur" did a nice construction article on a set of ESL's with direct drive from push pull high voltage transmitting tubes, triodes if I remember correctly.
Gentlemen be careful discharging large capacitor banks without ear protection. The exceedingly steep audio wavefronts can cause permanent ear damage. These discharges are used to shape metal when a transmitting medium for the wavefront such as water is used. I have permanent damage to one ear from experiments back in the 60's with discharge from capacitor banks.
Additionally the sound is extremely painful to cats, dogs and other animals and may cause trauma. Beware.
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@Marco
I see you like Keb' Mo' ;)
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One must realize that back in the 1870s no one new what light was. Today we call it electromagnetic (EM) radiation. This was also before the discovery of the X-rays. Today we know that there is a much broader EM spectrum but all of that was discovered by the pioneers in electricity and physics of the 1800s and expanded in the 1900s as better tools became available.
Here is the original radiant energy detector.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_radiometer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_radiometer)
And some other info.
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/pioneers/crookes.html (http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/pioneers/crookes.html)
Sir William Crookes was a mentor of Tesla's. So it isn't "Tesla's radiant energy" at all. Crookes used the term first. It is a generic term. Anything that radiates energy is a radiant energy source.
“Tesla’s latest Roentgen Ray Investigations”, Electrical Review, New York 28 No.17, April 22. 1896)
“…streams resembling the cathodic must be emitted by the sun and probably also by other sources of radiant energy, such as an arc light or Bunsen burner.”
Regarding the "stinging ray experiments" consider what happened to the atoms and particles of the conductor that was vaporized. They went somewhere and they weren't converted to pure energy because that would have been a nuclear explosion. But they definitely radiated and they carried a charge as witnessed by their charging of objects in the lab, i.e. radiation.
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@Marco,
Yup They are, 4000V. Wanna borrow one? :D Maybe I 'll test one this afternoon.Scare the cat.
1000Volt doides.
I know about those big caps, you can burn a 12 volt ligthbulb of off one for 3 seconds.
Spider.
For big caps, why not try some super caps, or boost caps? Like 3,000 Farad. They charge up really fast and will hold more juice than all of those caps in your photo put together.
NSTs are fun. i bought a new one off of ebay. It is 10,000 volts and I am going to (one day) build a Jacobs ladder with it.
High voltage is great if you are careful...I am still leary of it as I still get zapped by my modified flash camera circuit Joule Thiefs at 400 volts and it still hurts.
Bill
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One must realize that back in the 1870s no one new what light was. Today we call it electromagnetic (EM) radiation. This was also before the discovery of the X-rays. Today we know that there is a much broader EM spectrum but all of that was discovered by the pioneers in electricity and physics of the 1800s and expanded in the 1900s as better tools became available.
Here is the original radiant energy detector.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_radiometer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_radiometer)
And some other info.
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/pioneers/crookes.html (http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/pioneers/crookes.html)
Sir William Crookes was a mentor of Tesla's. So it isn't "Tesla's radiant energy" at all. Crookes used the term first. It is a generic term. Anything that radiates energy is a radiant energy source.
“Tesla’s latest Roentgen Ray Investigations”, Electrical Review, New York 28 No.17, April 22. 1896)
“…streams resembling the cathodic must be emitted by the sun and probably also by other sources of radiant energy, such as an arc light or Bunsen burner.”
Regarding the "stinging ray experiments" consider what happened to the atoms and particles of the conductor that was vaporized. They went somewhere and they weren't converted to pure energy because that would have been a nuclear explosion. But they definitely radiated and they carried a charge as witnessed by their charging of objects in the lab, i.e. radiation.
I always looked on it as an electromagnetic pulse radiation. The copper vaporized into a plasma causing a dead short and a huge current flow for a brief interval until the generator and distribution system capacity went to it's knees. The near field magnetic wave quite intense.
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I always looked on it as an electromagnetic pulse radiation. The copper vaporized into a plasma causing a dead short and a huge current flow for a brief interval until the generator and distribution system capacity went to it's knees. The near field magnetic wave quite intense.
My perspective was that the copper caused the dead short and the plasma is a result of that short but you might be right because we get that same short with an arc light instead of a copper rod when the insulating properties of the gas between the electrodes breaks down.
On the other hand, Tesla noted the Bunsen burner produces radiant energy and in that case we have no electrical short but flame is considered to be a plasma.
So why don't we get the stinging sensation with a Bunsen burner? Because we don't have the electromagnetic pulse propelling the vaporized copper ions. The electromagnetic pulse in the exploding wire propels ions as well as projecting the electromagnetic fields, i.e. ionizing radiation which causes the stinging sensation and which can be felt through glass and copper barriers.