It is interesting to see -over the time(up to observing decades)- the commercial/industrial production prices development :
PV hard panels to PV soft panels
thermal hard panel heater to soft IR film heater
and competing heating/cooling appliances
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how many Watts are for space heating needed ?
It depends clearly at first : space volume ,humidity,wished temperature
seconds : space cover U-/R-/K-value and openings(window/door = blower door teste/IR camera observation)
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how many Watts are for body heating(in hot space: body cooling) in need ?
From 0 Watt (the right body covering wear / textile thermal coating ) up to in the 90´: 80W to now : nano-dimension heat-array : 12 Watt !
But we need to save the shelter/building/house installation against destruction riscs :
by 0° C water to ice condition (tubes) and
10-15°C humidity condensation condition (fungi growth)
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body/space air heating :
convection
conduction
radiation
Friction heater,Induction heater,heat pump/chiller,IR heat panel,IR heat foil
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selling prices -fob factory-
https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/infrared-heating-panel.html the 1 Euro/sqm living area heater
first question : how many Watt/sqm ?
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Electric-Heater-Electric-Heater-Electric-Room_60734965038.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normal_offer.d_title.e47e46e8pCT9Zf&s=p 1000 W for 20 US$ ( 1 US$-20,4 US$ given discount price range )
when we need for a 20 sqm area/space in winter 1000 Watt heat max. then we have with this example :
20 US$ to Euro divided 20 square meter
from seemed joke
= the 1 Euro/sqm living area heater to reality
!
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heating a space can be cheap : from heater investment view !
energy/electricity consume per year/sqm per year ? Demanded by law for new construction !?
For on-/off-grid i(m)/mobile spaces !?
new construction ,> 50 sqm in many civilized countries now demanded construction standart :
20 Wattpeak primary energy per sqm living area = near zero energy building standart
next level : net zero energy = consume less in-situ/on place energy/electricity generation = 0 net grid consume
final level : zero energy building = total energy/electricity consume in-situ/on place generation
in many civilized countries since the 90´ by new construction solar collectors or equivalent installation obligation !
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Now a list from several "less cheap (really ?)" space heating( as resonance : also cooling) systems,
dis-/advantages from subjective view included :
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=0&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881019&CC=GB&NR=2203529A&KC=ATwo heaters, containing a 200W bulb each, have been proven capable of maintaining the whole of an average, semi-detached house at 14.50C when the temperature externally was 0 C.https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=24&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20110518&CC=CN&NR=201836980U&KC=UThe amount of superconducting liquid added at a time is 0.4-0.7 kg, which can be used permanently,
and with infrared heating device, only 100 watts are required for a 20 square meter house.https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/description?CC=DE&NR=102007052561A1&KC=A1&FT=D&ND=3&date=20090507&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EPThe surface without these applications required 1000 watts of energy in the laboratory tests to heat a room from 30 m2 to 22 ° C.
The inventive applications have lowered the energy requirement up to 270 watts to achieve the same heating effect.+ frequency controler : down to average 160 W
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=21&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20080925&CC=DE&NR=202008007815U1&KC=U1 For example,
a room with a floor area of 20 m2 with approx. 80 Watts at a voltage of 35 volts to a body-compatible warmth of 18-20 ° C permanently heated. https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=1&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19770118&CC=US&NR=4004210A&KC=AAs an example, the power in a square meter of sunlight is converted efficiently by the device to 1 KW of output power.
This 1 KW output power can be used as the input power to the same device operating in the efficient heat pump mode between 32 DEG and 80 DEG Fahrenheit. The equivalent heat of 10 KW of power can then be delivered into the higher temperature reservoir.https://patentauction.com/patent.php?nb=15712https://patentauction.com/patent.php?nb=11044 Friction :
https://patentauction.com/patent.php?nb=11161Induction:
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=6&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20161222&CC=DE&NR=112014006403A5&KC=A5heat pump :
air/water
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/THERMODYNAMIC-SYSTEM-THERMODYNAMIC-SOLAR-HEAT-PUMP_60751198746.html?spm=a2700.pc_countrysearch.main07.38.2e52f83cmwddAwair/air
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/60Hz-Mini-Split-Inverter-Air-Conditioner_1600132006467.html?spm=a2700.pc_countrysearch.main07.59.2e52f83cmwddAw---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So let us outlook possible low consume and lowest price industrial solutions :
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=20&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19860304&CC=US&NR=4574161A&KC=AA bulk process is described which is capable of producing large area sheets about 8 micrometers thick having the property of light/electric power conversion at extremely high production rates (many m2/s) at low cost ($1/m2).
The devices have an inherently high efficiency of 60-80% when laminated in an assembly to utilize both resolved light vectors.
1$/sqm production price divided 70% from 1333W solar Konstante = 100 US$cents/933 Wp
= 0,11 US$cent/Wp 1978 (priority date) production costs calculation
Dr.Alvin Marks planned in the 80´ to product and sell this foil converter for 15 US$/sqm !
1/2 year lifetime ! Compared average 30 years life.time conventional silicon phto-voltaic cell modules !
2021 production process with/out CNT/graphene :
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Energy-Saving-far-infrared-carbon-crystal_60774197691.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normal_offer.d_image.69bc6efbWXrS6Lhttps://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Wall-mounting-carbon-crystal-heater-far_62146212622.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normal_offer.d_image.69bc6efbWXrS6Lhttps://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/China-High-Quality-0-8mm-Semi_62252928025.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normal_offer.d_image.69bc6efbWXrS6Lto
https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/infrared-flexible-carbon-heating-film.htmlhttps://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Under-Floor-Carbon-Infrared-Heating-Film_60727111342.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normal_offer.d_title.3bc4679fxgNRFw 220 Wp/sqm
2 US$- 5 US$ per sqm ( 100 sqm roll) / 150 Wp/sqm = 1,5 - 3,5 US$cents/Wp selling costs 2021
1000 Watt/p divided 150 Wp/sqm carbon heating film x 2- 5 US$ = 13,33 - 33,33 US$ per 1000 Wattp divided 20 sqm space area
in average 1 US$/sqm heating
soft film heater and soft film solar cells
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkJ5C9a8O3g TARGET : the 1 US$/sqm living area endconsumer selling price thin "heat-foil pump" developped by Joseph Yater
This 1 KW output power can be used as the input power to the same device operating in the efficient heat pump mode between 32 DEG and 80 DEG Fahrenheit. The equivalent heat of 10 KW of power can then be delivered into the higher temperature reservoir.
10 KW heat out and 1 KW electric in = C.O.P. 10 x
https://patentauction.com/patent.php?nb=15487 The minimal thickness is in the range of 4-10
µm C.O.P. : ?
http://www.habiter-autrement.org/12.energies/16_ener.htmHouse UK floor area average 82 sqm
1975 compared
https://www.which.co.uk/news/2018/04/shrinking-homes-the-average-british-house-20-smaller-than-in-1970s/space heating 12,900 kWh
12 900 KWh x 0,75 heat boiler new/used 1975 efficiency (75%) =
9 675 KWh heat energy per annum / 82 sqm floor area = 118 KWh/sqm/a /1,5 =
+- 80 Wp/sqm heat
Yater-thermoelectric converter condition,
priority date : Sept.,15 1975 :
10 KW heat out and 1 KW electric in = C.O.P. 10 x
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=1&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19770118&CC=US&NR=4004210A&KC=A+- 8 Watt/sqm electric input,each KWh EE calculating with 1,8 KWh PE = +- 15 Watt PE/sqm
= all british household ( with 1975 construction standart) with then
energetic 2021 "near zero energy"-building standart
9 675 KWh heat energy /10= 967.5 KWh electric x
https://www.ukpower.co.uk/home_energy/tariffs-per-unit-kwh average 21 pence/KWh
= near
205 british pounds costs
per annum for space heating by average 82 sqm area
EASY CHANGE !