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This took me by surprise!

Nine low-voltage coils in series are connected to a variac.
The sum of the EMF in the coils is ~5.5V
The yellow trace is the 10th unused coil.
The blue trace is the current measured across a 1 ohm resistor.
The purple trace is the output from the transformer.

When the output from the transformer is decreased below the EMF the current shifts and the rotor continues to run.

If You understand what’s going on please explain!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3RmqJ7X2dg

/Hob

The magnets in your rotor is making it look like the current is shifting in phase. Your CVR is seeing two thing's-the voltage produced by the magnets on the rotor as they approach and leave the coil,and the current provided by the transformer. You can see this voltage/current relationship with the yellow trace that shows the back and forth swinging motion-this is your flywheel speeding up and slowing down.

Brad

When the variac is above EMF, the variac is running the wheel as a motor.
When the variac is below EMF, the wheel is a generator feeding the variac?

When the voltage from the variac is above the coils EMF there is positive torque.
When the voltage from the variac is below the coils EMF there should be negative torque.

Why does the wheel still run when the variac is at 2.5V RMS which is below the EMF of the coils?

I looked at the clip and you can see how it is a synchronous motor.  However, if the rotor turns at the same speed when the variac is at 2.5 VRMS then one must assume that it is still a synchronous motor.  So in both cases assume that there is positive torque.  I am assuming that at the lower drive voltage it is easier for the rotor to "slip out" of sync with the powerline frequency.  In contrast, you can see how the rotor "bounces back and forth" on the "walls" when the drive voltage is high showing that it is locked at the synchronous drive frequency.

The real answer to your question requires a precise analysis of the timing diagram.  You appear to have the correct information and all of the required information on your scope display already.  You just have to look at the timing diagram for a complete single rotor magnet pass and analyze when positive torque, no torque, and negative torque is applied to the rotor.  Do the timing analysis for both the higher drive voltage and the low drive voltage.  It's interesting because the timings are different for the two cases, and presumably in both cases the rotor turns synchronously with the AC mains excitation.

You don't have to be high tech here.  Just take a pencil and some graph paper and sketch out the recorded waveforms and then also sketch out waveform that shows the position of the passing rotor magnet and also sketch out a virtual waveform for the torque on the passing rotor magnet.  You may need to account for more than one rotor magnet and more than one drive coil in your timing analysis.  You need to analyze this yourself, step by step.

If you do this properly for both cases, you should arrive at the conclusion that in both cases there is a net positive torque on the rotor.

It's not a "self running generator."  You are getting carried away.  Presumably in both cases the setup draws power from your AC excitation voltage source?  In both cases, some of that power draw goes into applying positive torque to the rotor to overcome friction to keep it turning.

The magnets in your rotor is making it look like the current is shifting in phase. Your CVR is seeing two thing's-the voltage produced by the magnets on the rotor as they approach and leave the coil,and the current provided by the transformer. You can see this voltage/current relationship with the yellow trace that shows the back and forth swinging motion-this is your flywheel speeding up and slowing down.

Brad

What you are trying to say is that the CVR sees current, and that current is dependent on the EMF generated on the coils from the passing rotor magnets, and the applied voltage from the variac.  I have said this before, you need to start using the language of electronics properly.  We should not have to have a "Tinman decoder ring" handy to unscramble your words to get what you are really trying to say.

Look again at this sentence from you:  "Your CVR is seeing two thing's-the voltage produced by the magnets on the rotor as they approach and leave the coil."  You are stating that a current viewing resistor sees voltage.

You can see this voltage/current relationship with the yellow trace that shows the back and forth swinging motion-this is your flywheel speeding up and slowing down.

Nope, that is completely wrong.  Nilrehob clearly states in his video that the coil connected to the yellow trace is just a sensor coil with nothing connected to it.  Therefore that coil gives you two pieces of information: (1) the approximate amplitude and phase of the EMF generated in the drive coils due to the passing rotor magnets, and (2) the position of the rotor magnets as a function of time.  Knowing the position of the rotor magnets as a function of time is critical information that is needed to construct the two timing diagrams that I make reference to in my previous posting.

Nilrehob, it is not a self running motor/generator if you still have it connected to the variac.
I suspect this may be why you got several thumbs down on your youtube video.
If it were self running you would be able to disconnect the variac and the motor/generator would still run.
Try disconnecting the variac and if it doesn't continue to run, then you will know for certain it is not self running.

Nilrehob, it is not a self running motor/generator if you still have it connected to the variac.

I think he is only wondering how the current can flow "uphill" when the instantaneous voltage generated by his AC power supply is lower than the EMF generated by his coils.

The most likely answer: The collective EMF of his 9 coils is not in phase with the EMF sensed across his 10th coil.

Nilrehob, it is not a self running motor/generator if you still have it connected to the variac.
I suspect this may be why you got several thumbs down on your youtube video.
If it were self running you would be able to disconnect the variac and the motor/generator would still run.
Try disconnecting the variac and if it doesn't continue to run, then you will know for certain it is not self running.

Yes, you're right, but they don't read very well, I did put a question-mark at the end, not an exclamation-mark ;-)

Can you graph that on your scope by creating a Math trace that multiplies Ch3 (voltage across your AC power supply - the variac) by Ch2 (voltage across your current sensing resistor) ?

As you speed up/slow down your rotor, the Math waveform excursions above the zero line will indicate electric energy flow from your variac to the motor ...and the excursions below the zero line will indicate energy flow from your motor back to the variac.  Their sum is the total power.

P.S.
Avoid the 500ns/div horizontal time base setting on your scope when you enable a Ch3*Ch2 math trace.

I’ve done that, may do a video, i also have the area calculated, which is more or less constant.
But i still wonder how voltage from the variac "beats" emf from the coils.