F.Y.I.
One postulate (of many I'm sure) relating to one aspect of FE/CE
Theory of Operation:
- Earth (good grounding) provides an abundant source of electrons (positive or negative depending on where and when you studied electron theory - either hole flow or electron flow).
- Tesla Transformer (TT) can create a very high tension (h.t.; high voltage HV; huge potential differential (delta V0) and can be used to cause a very large electron flow. Other creators of potential difference are also available - clouds (lightning), Van der Graff (early/still-in-use Linear Accelerators); Electrophorus; ... and so on.
- An electron at rest has "potential energy." A moving electron "gains" "kinetic energy." An electron has mass, and from the familiar equation Ek = 1/2 mv^2 ; increase the mass speed, and the energy increases. Where: Ek = particle's kinetic energy; m = mass of the particle and v = particle's speed; note that v is squared (v^2).
- A potential difference (a.k.a. high voltage, HV; or high tension, h.t. as used in older papers) causes the electron (or protron) to move. Electron speed is determined by amount of potential difference (high voltage value) and acceleration is determined by the potential (voltage) rise over the time interval during which it rises (dv/dt). The higher the differential voltage and the faster the rise time or fall time, the more Kinetic Energy (energy gain) is created.
- With many electrons, an efficient HV generator, an extremely quick rise (or fall) time, and a large number of occurrences per unit time (high frequency); it can be seen how a large energy gain might be achieved. Refer to "Velocity Modulation" as seen in Traveling Wave Tubes (TWT), Magnitrons, Backward Wave Oscillators (BWO); Linear Accelerators, and so forth. These characteristics, in one form or another, appear to be present in many of the so called "free energy" generators that have surfaced over time.
- Electrons can transfer their energy using a variety of mechanisms; some as simple as merely passing by an electromagnetic field, or Electrostatic Induction (electrophorus affect); or by being slowed or stopped (hitting a target). Bunching of electrons can be created when two (or more) "streams {electron beams}" or "an electromagnetic wave" are traveling at differing velocities (velocity modulation) as is found in TWT's, BWO's, etc. These beams can be a steady flow of electrons, pulsed, or what have you.
- Synchronizing the beam speed [based on the HV] and/or the pulse time with the electromagnetic wave travel time in the (slow wave) helix is critical to achieving both electron kinetic energy gain and energy transfer (bunching) to the RF electromagnetic wave or, alternatively, if using only two beams and no RF.
Note [1]: a TWT helical coil is used to "slow down" an electromagnetic (RF) wave (a.k.a. slow wave cavity; RF circulates through the helic while the beam travels through or around the helix) such that a beam of electrons (traveling at a "speed" which is set by the high voltage value) interacts (bunches the electrons) with the RF resulting in a transfer of it's kinetic energy (gained by speed) to the RF wave in the helical coil (or,a.k.a. slow wave-guide). Also, using the theory of reciprocity (antenna theory); the RF can be used to increase the electron speed in the beam (sometimes used in accelerators and colliders). Also note; the magnetics (permanent or electro) are used to steer or focus the beam. Because of the complex electric/current/magnetic interactions, forget about the current and magnetics for now and concentrate on electrostatic induction to avoid getting into the weeds.
Note [2]: Early classical TWT as well as linear accelator development indicate lower frequency operation in the low megahertz region while helical coil Slow Wave structures can reduce wave propagation by more than 90%; therefore, it is not only the concept that is of interest but the actual physical constructs.
Movement of an electron "beam" need only be slightly faster than the "traveling radio frequency wave" for this energy gain and transfer mechanism to occur.
A pulsed Kacher Tesla Transformer can reduce the "electron movement source" power requirements to near zero and, when synchronized, may provide superior bunching [energy transfer]. A standing wave in a resonant [cavity] structure and electrostatic type induction might also contribute significant advantage; while input and output isolation are also considered.
As the "state-of-the-art" advances, the physical structures reduce in size. Higher voltages with faster rise/fall times under precise control allow higher electron energy gain and transfer to occur in smaller space with increased frequency. Advanced EM simulation and CAE also provide a means to "design," simulate, optimize, and thus engineer viable solutions.
These phenomena are well understood and have been characterized individually but, as yet, have not been constructively combined to form a cohesive theory or characterization that describes an operational {FE/CE} device.
When observing a device please consider this Velocity of Modulation concept, the physical structure of the device [helical, solid cavity, magnetic], electron source and sink, the cause and effect [velocity modulation - potential <-> kinetic] , electron acceleration source(s) [Bovine Kacher,TT, etc.] and, in general, a common sense, viable, theory of operation.
Many "key words" and "general references" are embedded within. A somewhat specific, but excellent, starting point reference might be:
Module 11 (Microwave Principles, explains microwave oscillators, amplifiers, and wave-guides.)
http://www.fcctests.com/neets/NEETS_MOD_11_14183.pdf Of particular relevance; starting on page 73 [2-1], Chapter 2 Microwave Components and Circuits; and, Velocity Modulation, Traveling-Wave Tube, Fig. 2-14, Fig, 2-15, page 2-21, Backward-Wave Oscillator; Fig. 2-19, Fig. 2-20; etc... Also, keep in mind that the helical coil is a Slow Wave Structure when considering frequencies, pulse width, pulse duration, and Fourier characteristics.
Bare in mind the goal of TWTs is high frequency microwave signal amplification and oscillation, and the goal of accelerators is, probably in general, scientific discovery; however, the theory and discussion may equally apply to advanced energy concepts.
The Ultimate Speed - An Exploration with High Energy Electrons:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0BOpiMQXQACoulomb's Law (1959) Physics Educational Film:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG5vyY1pPQ0US Patent 3,325,677 Inventor: J.E. Orr
Filed: April 5th, 1962 Granted: June 13th, 1967.
DEPRESSED COLLECTOR FOR CROSSED FIELD TRAVELLING WAVE TUBES
From the patent description, in part [C1-L45: C4-L5]:
"At this point it is noted that the unfortunate arbitrary
selection of electricity polarity at a time when little was
known about the nature of electricity, results in much
confusion of terminology in reference to voltages, potential,
and charges. For present purposes, any electrical current
is, in fact, to be understood as the unidirectional
motion of negatively charged electrons and that in elec-
tronic devices such motion of electrons occurs from negative
toward more positive electrodes. As is well known to
those skilled in the art, an electron has greater potential
energy when it is at a location in an electrostatic field
which is at a greater negative voltage and thus throughout
the present specification the conventional designation of
voltage polarity is utilized, but any references to electrons
being at relatively higher or relatively lower potential
refers to electrons being at field locations which are at
relatively more negative or relatively more positive volt
ages, respectively.
Continuing now the description of an O-type travelling
wave tube, the electrons are accelerated from a region of
high potential, the cathode, past the accelerating anode
and thus their entire energy is kinetic energy, since, as
was previously stated, the anode and slow wave structure
are being maintained at ground potential. The beam of
electrons interacts with an electromagnetic wave propagating
on the slow wave structure and there is a net
overall decrease in the average velocity of the electrons
and thus a net overall decrease in the kinetic energy of
the electron beam. This energy is transferred to the elec-
tromagnetic wave and, by proper choice of design parameters,
the device may function either as an amplifier to
increase the strength of an applied electromagnetic wave
or as an oscillator tube. i.e., it operates as a source of
electromagnetic wave energy.
When the electron beam has traversed the entire slow
wave structure and has left the region of interaction with
the electromagnetic wave, it must then be collected and
returned to the cathode of the electron gun. The conventional
manner of collecting the electron beam in an O-type
device is to position a collector electrode, which also is
maintained at ground potential, directly across the path
of the electron beam as it leaves the interaction region.
The electrons impinging on the collector electrode are
then returned through the power source to the cathode of
the electron gun.
It was observed quite early in the development of such
devices that the collector electrode became heated to high
temperature by the impinging electron beam and it was
frequently found necessary to provide some means for
cooling the collector to prevent it from being melted by
the impinging electron beam. Of course, any such heating
of the collector electrode, whether cooled or not, results
in a decrease in the overall efiiciency ‘of the device, since
the thermal energy represented by this heating, as supplied
from the power source of the device, constitutes an
energy loss.
As the design of such devices became more sophisticated,
it was recognized that this collector electrode heating
could be reduced, and thus the overall efficiency of
the devices increased, by maintaining the collector elec-
trode at some voltage intermediate the cathode voltage
and the slow wave structure voltage. The potential of this
collector electrode, frequently termed a "depressed col-
lector," is then higher than that of the slow wave structure
and the accelerating electrode of the electron gun,
but less than that of the cathode of the electron gun. The
electrons in the beam, upon leaving the interaction region,
then approach the collector electrode by motion against
a potential gradient and the electrons must give up kinetic
energy by slowing down in order to approach or reach
the collector, since the law of conservation of energy re-
quires that the sum of the potential and kinetic energy
of each electron remains constant. The electrons are thus
collected at lower velocities and there is less heating of
the collector electrode.
Ideally, the collector electrode would be maintained at
such a potential that the electrons can just reach it and
thus impinge upon it at zero velocity. However, since the
electrons have delivered different amounts of energy to
the electromagnetic wave on the slow wave structure and
thus leave the inter-action region with differing velocities,
the collector electrode must be maintained at a potential
no higher than that which sets up a field gradient such
that the work to be done by the electron when moving
against the gradient can be delivered by the kinetic energy
of the slowest electron leaving the interaction region so
that even this slowest electron can be collected, and is
not repelled. Any electrons faster than the slowest elec-
tron impinge upon the collector with a finite velocity and
thus finite kinetic energy, and this kinetic energy is then
lost as heat in the collector electrode.
A crossed field, or M-type, travelling wave electron discharge
device differs in several important respects from
the linear beam, or O-type device, which was just described.
In the crossed field device, there is spaced from
the slow wave structure, which may conventionally take
the form of an interdigital delay line, a sole electrode,
which is usually everywhere at an equal distance from
the slow wave structure. Thus, the sole electrode may be
parallel to the slow wave structure in a physically linear
tube, or may be concentric with the slow wave structure
in a physically circular tube. An electrostatic field is
established between the sole electrode and the slow wave
structure. Conventionally, the ‘slow wave structure is main-
tained at ground potential and a relatively high negative
voltage is applied to the sole electrode, thereby impressing
on it a relatively high potential in the meaning of the term
as defined above. A magnetic field is provided which is
transverse to the electrostatic field throughout the inter
action region between the slow wave structure and the
sole electrode.
An electron gun is positioned at one end of the interaction
region to inject electrons into the interaction region
in a direction substantially parallel to the slow wave
structure and the sole electrode. Conventionally, the cathode
of the electron gun is maintained at a potential intermediate
that of the slow wave structure and that of the sole electrode.
As is well known to those skilled in the art, such a
crossed electrostatic-magnetic field arrangement provides
for velocity sorting of any electrons traversing the region,
in which electrons having an initial velocity of E/ B, where
E represents the intensity of the electrostatic field and B
represents the intensity of the magnetic field, continue
down the interaction region parallel to the sole electrode
and the slow wave structure, and in which the electrons
having a velocity slower than E/B are drawn by the electrostatic
field towards the slow wave structure and the
electrons having a velocity faster than E/B are deflected
by the magnetic field towards the sole electrode. In practice,
the electron guns used in such devices are designed
to supply electrons having as near this velocity as possible
so that a maximum number of electrons traverses
the length of the interaction region when there is no interaction
between the electrons and any electromagnetic
wave being propagated on the slow wave structure.
When the electron beam enters the interaction region,
the individual electrons of the beam have a substantially
uniform kinetic energy, which is a function of the accelerating
field in the electron gun, and a potential energy
which is a function of the electrostatic potential of the
location in which the beam is injected into the interaction
region. When an electromagnetic wave having a phase
velocity which is substantially equal to the velocity of
the electron beam is being propagated on the slow wave
structure, an injected electron may enter the interaction
region at a time at which the electrical field component
of the wave tends either to draw the electron towards the
slow wave structure or to force the electron nearer the
sole electrode.
Since the slow wave structure is being maintained at
ground potential, as was previously described, those elec-
trons which are attracted closer to the slow wave structure
find themselves in a region of lower potential, and give up
a portion of their potential energy to the electromagnetic
wave. Some electrons actually strike the slow wave
struture, thus being collected, and give all their potential
energy to the wave. This energy transfer may be viewed
in either of two ways. In the ?rst of these, the crossed
fields may be thought to maintain the electrons at a uni-
form velocity and as the electron is drawn by the wave
into a region of lower potential, that portion of the poten-
tial energy of the electron greater than that of the region
of lower potential into which it enters is delivered to the
electromagnetic wave. In the second of these, the electron
may be considered to interact with the travelling wave
and deliver a portion of its kinetic energy to the wave.
This results in a decrease of velocity of the electron and
the slowed electron is drawn by the electrostatic field
closer to the slow wave structure. In so doing the electron
fans to a region of lower potential; thus it is immediately
accelerated by the electrostatic field back to its initial
velocity, but is now in a region of lower potential.
In either event it is seen that the net result is that the
electron delivers potential energy to the electromagnetic
wave and that in a crossed field device energy is delivered
to the travelling wave in a fundamentally different manner
than in the linear beam, or O-type device.
Conversely, those electrons ‘which enter the interaction
region in a region of an electric field which tends to force
the electrons away from the slow wave structure and towards
the sole electrode are driven into an area of higher
potential. These electrons must extract energy from the
travelling wave in order that they may take on a greater
potential energy themselves. Those electrons which are
attracted towards the slow wave structure, thereby
delivering energy to the travelling Wave, are termed favor
ably focused electrons; while those which are attracted
towards the sole electrode, thereby extracting energy
from the travelling wave, are termed unfavorably focused
electrons. The favorably focused electrons tend to be drawn
more and more into the electromagnetic wave and thus
continue to deliver their potential energy to the wave,
While the unfavorably focused electrons are driven away
from the electromagnetic wave and tend to take less and
less energy from the wave as they approach the sole
electrode. There is thus a net transfer of energy from the
electron beam to the electromagnetic wave. By proper
choice of design parameters, crossed field devices also
can be designed either as amplifiers or oscillators...."
Food for thought? Have a "productive" day and best of luck!
FIN
