Storing Cookies (See : http://ec.europa.eu/ipg/basics/legal/cookies/index_en.htm ) help us to bring you our services at overunity.com . If you use this website and our services you declare yourself okay with using cookies .More Infos here:
https://overunity.com/5553/privacy-policy/
If you do not agree with storing cookies, please LEAVE this website now. From the 25th of May 2018, every existing user has to accept the GDPR agreement at first login. If a user is unwilling to accept the GDPR, he should email us and request to erase his account. Many thanks for your understanding

User Menu

Custom Search

Author Topic: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE  (Read 2352608 times)

core

  • Sr. Member
  • ****
  • Posts: 405
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3105 on: February 13, 2016, 11:37:33 PM »
..........I just summarize what seems to be an important key: many parallels primaries seems to interact and seems to get an amplification effect. Therefore it seems we should build more than one set


Do you mean "wired" in parallel or placement being parallel. If placement are they wired in parallel or series. I think the patent shows series.

-Core

core

  • Sr. Member
  • ****
  • Posts: 405
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3106 on: February 14, 2016, 12:20:02 AM »
Quote "In my second post I simply asked Hannon basic questions. At no time did I denounce any idea as "Not Practical", "stupid", "you not listening"....etc, however I did ask probing questions."

how did you know i emailed Hanon last night as i never said anything about that. the only way in the world you could know is you ass holes are intercepting my emails.


Huh ??? Maybe I am thick headed but what the heck are you talking about.  :o Where did I say you emailed Hannon, or where did I say I know you emailed Hannon. Any civil person on this planet will see that wasn't the case.

I asked Hannon questions, how on earth did you translated that to mean "I am reading your emails" is beyond my comprehension. What in my quote above would make you think I was talking about you when I used Hannon's name  :o or gave the impression I was watching you.

If there are MIB people that go after OU builders I don't think they go after Village Idiot's........... so you are safe.


I don't think anyone here takes you serious. You are someone who a few short months ago thought they stumbled on the secret and ridiculed others that showed an opposite view. Your a side show at best, always have, always will be. It's been the story of your life and it's sad.

I don't mean to be cruel, however you had it coming. BTW ..... Based on your profile here you are a Newbie on this site. I may be the most senior member here.


On a different note. Still constructing a device myself. Long hours at work doesn't allow me to finish.
 

Doug1

  • Hero Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 763
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3107 on: February 14, 2016, 03:06:52 AM »
Core
 From antijon reply 3066.

 
 

Glenn_FR

  • Newbie
  • *
  • Posts: 20
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3108 on: February 14, 2016, 09:36:13 AM »
So, with a bullet-proof jacket and steel helmet against the flack, here goes...

My recent concerns have been to find an efficient and simple way to drive my pairs of coils with the 180° out of phase signals.  No power resistors to calculate, minimum heat losses.  After finding suitable DC amplifier candidates (either Darlington or Sziklai pairs), I looked for suitable sinewave oscillator circuits.  And THAT turned-out to be the delicate part.  I've lost count of the number of designs I've tried - all transistor or op-amps.  Most of them work but many have side-effects : temperature stability, poor rejection of power-supply variations (a big problem when aiming at battery operation) and - for all of them - the problem of zero-crossing.  Coupled with the need to also generate the inverse sinewave, each solution became overly complex when adding phase splitting, level-shifting, compensation, etc.

So, as I do much more digital than analog electronics development nowadays, I decided to go back to some of the simple synthesis techniques that exist.  I mentioned in an earlier post that standard PWM wasn't the solution - at least not at low frequencies - because it requires quite complicated filtering (filters that have to be designed specifically for the frequency being used).  But there is one technique that looks very Heath-Robinson (who know who he was ?).
The technique is nicely described here : http://www.electroschematics.com/2957/digital-sinewave-oscillator/

If anyone would like a detailed description of how it works - ask me.

As there is no power involved at this stage (the signal needs to be amplified), the signal is easier to filter.  Filtering is necessary because the output waveform looks like this :

NRamaswami

  • Sr. Member
  • ****
  • Posts: 490
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3109 on: February 14, 2016, 09:37:25 AM »
NRam, when I look at the picture you provided I have a hard time understanding how you are defeating the Transformer effect. I would imagine your increased secondary output would have a proportional effect on the primary. This would especially be true if traditional induction took place in your coil. A larger output would indicate a larger magnetic field on the secondary. This magnetic field would interact with the primary coil, if its circuit is closed.

In essence you are still held hostage by Lenz's Law. Also in the picture are you using a solid core or individual cores for the primary and secondary.

-Core

Sir:

My knowledge on what is a Transformer effect is low. In a Generator as Figuera explains magnets are rotated creating a rotating magnetic field. The coils are wound on iron cores and these coils get induced electricity and the iron cores become electromagnets of opposite polarity and they therefore block the magnet from rotation. Therefore this requires additional energy from the outside to rotate the magnets and so more energy in and less energy out. So this is considered a transformation of mechanical energy to Electrical Energy.

To the contrary if we use coils to rotate current on Two solenoid electromagnets a rotating magnetic field is created in the iron core. If another coil is placed in connection with and in between the opposite poles of the two electromagnets the magnetic waves travel through the secondary and thus they cause an induction and therefore the necessity of movement is avoided.

I have checked the two primary coils connected in series and connected in parallel. For a single secondary coil not much of a change is visible but when more than one is involved the increase in output is visible. We can also explain it that due to the increased voltage of the secondary the amperage also increases and this is the reason for it.

You have written as follows:

A larger output would indicate a larger magnetic field on the secondary.

This is true. To understand this you need to look at the picture again. The Primary coils are 6 inch dia plastic pipes. Iron rods hammered in weigh approximately 60 kgms in each primary. The secondary core is 4 inch dia plastic pipe. Iron rods hammered in weigh approximately 30 kgsm

So two primaries have 120 kgms of magneized iron core. The primaries are connected in parallel. The current moves from the center as you can see to the outside and then moves towards the center where secondary coil is placed. Because the central coil is placed NS-NS-NS and the central coil is smaller in a hour glass shape. the magentic field strength of 120 kgs of iron of primaries focus on 30 kgs of iron on the central coil and so central magnetic field strength is higher. 120 kgms of Magnetic field strength is compressed to megnetise 30 kgms of iron. Therefore the magnetic field strength in the central coil is higher. This further increases as the secondary coils gets energised. Then the magnetic field strength is reduced as the current in the primary again moves out towards the outer portion. The intensity of the magnetic field strengh here is reduced and increased. The intensity increases enormously if the weight of the iron in the center is reduced by reducing the length of the secondary and iron goes in to saturation. We have learnt that does not work and is not sustainable. Some increase and decrease is needed but not saturation. So this is similar to clapping of hands where the sound is made when the hands touch each other and is stopped when the hands move away. I request you to notice that the secondary is placed on two platic tubes and that will show you that the secondary core is smaller in diameter than the primary core.

Wikipedia says that Lenz law effect is absent when electricity is generated due to the interaction of opposite poles. Please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenz%27s_law#Conservation_of_momentum

Now if you place a secondary wire between two primary wires where current in one primary is going down and current in another primary is going up and the secondary coil is wound in such a way that each adjacent turn of the secondary coil is separated by 2 to 4 times the diameter of the wire. Joesph Cater explains that adjacent turns closely wound turns would oppose each other and so widely spaced turns would not oppose each other. I donot know if these things are true or not for I do not have that kind of knowledge. What I do know is this.

When a secondary coil is wound like this and placed in between two primary layers and connected to the central secondary coil the voltage of the secondary coil increases. When the voltage increases amperage also increases. This happens without drawing additional power from the mains. The increase in the secondary placed between two primary layers appear to me to come from electrostatic induction rather than electromagnetic induction.

Same high cop>1 figures come when Iron goes in to satuartion and even if the secondary coil is wound on the core. But that is so high a voltage we cannot use it. Secondly high saturation of iron causes the rods to heat enormously and wires also get heated and this is not a sustainable proposition.

Another thing that I have noticed is that for the same number of turns if we increase the magnetic field strength the voltage of the output coil increases. So secondary voltage can be increased not only by increasing the number of turns but also by increasing the magnetic field strength. Of course it is increased and reduced 50 times a second.

We have reduced the primary input by using a 12 filar coil. 10 of them are 2.5 sq mm wires and 2 of them are 4 sq mm wires. We have also seen that for the same magnetic field strength if we use thicker insulation we get more amperage and more voltage. Why I do not know but this is what we have observed.

Getting Amperage High Amperage out of a solenoid is childs play. It is so easy. But getting voltage is very difficult. Especially when the amperage goes up very high. Hanon has indicated to me that in the Figuera 1908 device the input was 100 volts and 1 Amp and output was 300 amps and possibly 67 volts to account for the 20000 watts output described by BuForn. Only 50 sq mm wires can carry 300 Ampere current and so the output wires need to be very thick and for safety of operations the Tesla range of the core should be less than 1.2 Tesla for long continuous user. So probably the device was a very heavy device that had lot of iron. Hanon has also clarified that only in the 1902 device the output was 550 volts and 28 amps.

I have to confirm that if we use only one secondary the output is COP<1. We consider that the Buforn style Long Pole as the better of the two alternatives presented as for every Four coils instead of two we get three secondary coils.You have one coil as bonus coil. If you have 8 Primary cores instead of four secondary cores you get 7 secondary cores and so a bonus of 3 additional cores.  We have seen good magnetic field strength to come at 220 volts and 1 amp and winding many such secondaries should enable us to get higher output.

A torodial shape can make an equal number of primaries and secondaries.

This device differs from a Transformer in that when multiple secondaries are there you have magnetic field strength reducing in one secondary and increasing in another secondary and all secondaries are connected in series. The device can work as a very cheap device for the only thing needed is lot of coils and iron core which are not expensive.







Glenn_FR

  • Newbie
  • *
  • Posts: 20
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3110 on: February 14, 2016, 09:39:47 AM »
(next part)
Note that the signal does not cross zero : it's exactly the waveform that we need.  Because the signal needs amplifying, the filter can be very simple. For the moment (partly 'cos I'm impatient, partly 'cos I don't know what frequency my final system will be working at) I'll use a low-value capacitor in parallel with the output.
This is what a 1uF capacitor gives (same 'scope settings) :

Glenn_FR

  • Newbie
  • *
  • Posts: 20
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3111 on: February 14, 2016, 09:53:53 AM »
(part 3)
A small level-shift has occurred (around 2v) and the signal is attenuated, but the shape is a darn close approximation and is completely unaffected by outside conditions !

What's best about this setup is that it can be driven by any sort of clock generator, especially digital pulses, and so the frequency stability depends only on the type of clock circuit that drives it.  It could even be a crystal driven circuit once the frequency is known.

This is the full circuit that I'll be building today.  Not quite full - I've left out the driver circuits for now.  The 'scope readings above were taken from just one-half of this circuit (one 4015) to test everything - I need to add the second (inverted) sine generator.

Below the circuit diagram is the 'scope output of the same signal (CH2 unchanged) and the VOLTAGE output to one of my primary coils, through my power driver circuit (coming soon).  I still need a reliable CURRENT probe to see what the real picture is...

I can supply a pcb layout if anyone is interested (but wait till I've built mine first  ;)


NRamaswami

  • Sr. Member
  • ****
  • Posts: 490
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3112 on: February 14, 2016, 11:44:37 AM »
I understand that this specific thread is for the Figuera device. It is my understanding that some spanish friends feel that the world has suppressed all and any information about a Great Spanish Scientist which Prof. Figuera rightfully was and has suppressed the information on the first device that was working on its own without needing any fuel. They simply want to redo the same devices that Prof Figuera built and to reclaim the lost glory.

As a Person coming from a Poor third world country and probably the poorest region of the world (900 million people in India are poor) and earn less than $180 per month. In the last few years I have seen many clients losing out and closing shops and we have seen hundreds of thousands of people losing jobs. Much of this has to do with power shortage.

Without elaborating I have had weird and incredible spiritual experiences beginning 2013. I was so frightened that I could not sleep. We had a serious power crisis at that time. I asked one of my rich clients who owns windmills what research he is doing and he said we do not know any thing. So I asked another student who was a Former ISRO scientist what research we are doing in Electricity and Magnetism and she said oh for that Research was over in 1940 and no funding is given for new research. I was astonished. Then I got to read Patrick kellys book as I could not sleep.

I contacted Patrick kelly on 3rd February 2013 and he trained me over Email. I have never ever spoken to him. Entire thing was through Emails. When I read his book I was astonished to find that he placed the order for Caters book and the money was refunded and books did not come. I was very surprised and so I ordered the books and the books promptly came and one of them was signed by Cater himself personally. When I tried to get in touch with Cater I was informed he is no more and passed away peacefully at an elderly age.

Patrick advised me to build the Hubbard Device and Figuera device. We elected the Hubbard to do first as it was smaller in size. We build the device to the specific instructions of Patrick and the device did not work. Patrick then retired. We then realized that our big mistake was not to know how to build magnets and we built them and today we are where we are. I financed the entire operation in 2013 and then we had such significant problems in the Economy and all my clients suffered and I had to downsize my office. Beginning 2014 four friends insisted that I continue the work and offered funding support. One of them gave it as interest free loans and three others as donations. I had partly returned the loan.

I had been requested to open a separate thread and post information about devices I construct from one of the friends who helped me financially. As a person coming from a poor country where lifes of people could be transformed I looked at improvements to the Figuera device to cut costs and build an easy to build device for dummies like me. I will stop posting in this thread but will open a separate thread and post information about future experiments and improvements that we do. I will keep it all open source as that would enable any one from any country to build and operate the devices to be built by me in my experiments.

I see that people here are building circuits and looking at scopes and making a lot of circuits that I do not understand any thing.

The thing is so simple.

if you send electricity through two parallel wires in the same direction where current is moving from top to bottom in one primary and bottom to top in the next parallel primary and secondary coil is wound in between these two parallel primaries then that is essentially the Figuera Device of 1908. In this case only one magnetic core is needed. Only one secondary layer where wires are wound separated.  Since secondary is always subjected to raising and falling current in opposite parallel primary coils Lenz law effect is some how cancelled. We may need to wind several such individual Electromagnetic coils to get the needed voltage and amperage in the secondary. This in essence is the Figuera concept. You do not need complex circuits. You need Iron, You need coils to carry electricity and secondary coil. Amperage of the secondary is easy to get and voltage will be difficult. This can be partly offset by using high voltage input. This is the principle involved.

I'm grateful to all who read and responded to my posts. I will open a separate thread when I complete a working device which will take some time due to financial constraints.



Glenn_FR

  • Newbie
  • *
  • Posts: 20
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3113 on: February 14, 2016, 03:58:26 PM »
[...]
I see that people here are building circuits and looking at scopes and making a lot of circuits that I do not understand any thing.

The thing is so simple.
[...]
This can be partly offset by using high voltage input. This is the principle involved.

NRamaswami, the circuits are an attempt to get away from using mains electricity.  I know that there is already a nice sine wave (well, not even nice, it's so polluted with CPL and other high frequency junk) - I pay far more than enough for it.   I want to try using the Figuera technique with a device that will work from 1 or two standard 12v batteries.  That's what the circuits are all about.  Thankyou, in any case, for sharing.

Glenn

NoyPi

  • Newbie
  • *
  • Posts: 17
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3114 on: February 14, 2016, 05:32:44 PM »
Seeking for someone  to enlighten me... hmmm..... I guess everybody has done a good job..
go tell our boss we need an extra payment  coz we've done our job so well.. :)

A trully master piece indeed....

core

  • Sr. Member
  • ****
  • Posts: 405
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3115 on: February 15, 2016, 12:49:11 AM »
So, with a bullet-proof jacket and steel helmet against the flack, here goes...

No need to worry, keep up the good work. Sounds like you have a strong electrical background, something I admire. What do you plan on driving? What kind of primary voltage will you be using.

-Core

core

  • Sr. Member
  • ****
  • Posts: 405
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3116 on: February 15, 2016, 01:03:15 AM »
NRamaswami, the circuits are an attempt to get away from using mains electricity.  I know that there is already a nice sine wave (well, not even nice, it's so polluted with CPL and other high frequency junk) - I pay far more than enough for it.   I want to try using the Figuera technique with a device that will work from 1 or two standard 12v batteries.  That's what the circuits are all about.  Thankyou, in any case, for sharing.

Glenn

NRam, I am no electronic guru however I wanted a simple system that allows me to make quick adjustments when I am pulsing a coil. Glenn is correct, I prefer to work with 12VDC, to do this I use a 12VDC to 110VAC inverter. From here I convert the AC to DC @110 volts.

This way I can pulse the coils with 110 VDC max. Also what you don't see is under my converter board I am using a Basic Stamp board. This allows me to quickly write or modify the code to operate the transistors that feed the higher power Mosfet's.(board not shown)

I am not that good with discrete components but Glenn appears to have a strong background, so its easier for me to build a rig that allows for flexibility and quick changes. Yes, I am impatient and I dont want to start from scratch every time I start a new project.

Also the magnet on my board comes right off and I can change it out and still use the electronics to drive it. Figuera is not the only device I will be experimenting with. It just so happens to be the first electromagnetic one.

-Core 

core

  • Sr. Member
  • ****
  • Posts: 405
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3117 on: February 15, 2016, 02:09:28 AM »
Sir:

My knowledge on what is a Transformer effect is low.
Generally I was referring to the Lenz's effect experienced when a transformation of any kind occurs.


To the contrary if we use coils to rotate current on Two solenoid electromagnets a rotating magnetic field is created in the iron core. If another coil is placed in connection with and in between the opposite poles of the two electromagnets the magnetic waves travel through the secondary and thus they cause an induction and therefore the necessity of movement is avoided.
True, but when the core are individual, meaning not physically connected, the induction is generally week. Induction is stronger when the Primary and Secondary cores are mated, much like a common transformer. Induction is increased the closer the Induced core is to the Inducer core and vise versa. In a generator the clearance is very small, increase this clearance and output is diminished. This has been my experience.


I have checked the two primary coils connected in series and connected in parallel. For a single secondary coil not much of a change is visible but when more than one is involved the increase in output is visible. We can also explain it that due to the increased voltage of the secondary the amperage also increases and this is the reason for it.
This is where I get lost. If you add more coils to your secondary you must be increasing consumption on the Primary coil.


So two primaries have 120 kgms of magneized iron core. The primaries are connected in parallel. The current moves from the center as you can see to the outside and then moves towards the center where secondary coil is placed. Because the central coil is placed NS-NS-NS and the central coil is smaller in a hour glass shape. the magentic field strength of 120 kgs of iron of primaries focus on 30 kgs of iron on the central coil and so central magnetic field strength is higher. 120 kgms of Magnetic field strength is compressed to megnetise 30 kgms of iron. Therefore the magnetic field strength in the central coil is higher.
I am trying to visualize the central coil being NS-NS-NS. Does that mean you have three separate cores?

When a secondary coil is wound like this and placed in between two primary layers and connected to the central secondary coil the voltage of the secondary coil increases. When the voltage increases amperage also increases. This happens without drawing additional power from the mains. The increase in the secondary placed between two primary layers appear to me to come from electrostatic induction rather than electromagnetic induction.

Any chance you could draw a hand sketch of the arrangement. Also what primary voltage are you using, 220 vac?


Hanon has indicated to me that in the Figuera 1908 device the input was 100 volts and 1 Amp and output was 300 amps and possibly 67 volts to account for the 20000 watts output described by BuForn.
Depends how you interpret that paragraph in the patent. It is actually from the Buforn patent if I recall. Buforn was just theorizing and was attempting to make a point. If my memory serves he doesn't state he uses 100 volts @ 1amp in his generator. I believe he stated that in reference to reducing losses in a traditional generator. Doing that a generator that is feed with 100 volts @ 1 amp could produce 300 volts @ x amps. I will go back and take a look.


-Core

NRamaswami

  • Sr. Member
  • ****
  • Posts: 490
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3118 on: February 15, 2016, 11:14:58 AM »
My replies to Core:

Sir..I do not have much time till Friday to respond. My apologies for the delay.

1. Core is a continuous core of iron rods hammered in. Figuera device is based on Geometrical shape of the central coil being smaller than the primary coils. Smaller in length and diameter. The primary coils move the magnetic field towards the central core and move it away much like the clapping of hands. The device that you show in your picture has nothing whatever to do with Figuera or Buforn devices. I request you to study the patents again and look at the drawings again and understand it.

2. Let me explain it like this.. You have two primary coils producing induction as indicated above with the secondary in the middle. primaries are connected in paralllel and secondary is separate. Now as per your theory Secondary can have up to COP= 0.95 which is common in transformers I guess. I think you would agree.

Now visualize this P1-S1-P2-S2-P3-S3-P4  For Four primaries connected in parallel you have three secondaries instead of two secondaries.

If you separately connect the P1-S1-P2 COP=0.95
If you separately connect the P3-S3-P4 COP=0.95

If you place the cores in a staight line as indicated by Buforn, S2 can be placed between P2 and P3 without drawing additional current. S2 will add to the voltage and amperage of the secondary as the seconaries are connected in series. Then it becomes COP= 0.95*3/2=1.425 But actually results are much better. For if we add the voltages and amperages it does not work like this. For example if we get 100 volts and 10 amps in one secondary by connecting all three we are going to get 300 volts and 30 amps but 300x30=9000 watts.

This result has to do with the geometrical shape, compression and decompression of magnetic fields and the way current is sent that enables the cancellation of  Lenz law effects.

Unless you do the experiment you will not understand it. Simulation would not work for simulation is based on theory. Simulation can never show any thing in violation of theory.

The square device that you show in your picture as a transformer device shows that device is not a Figuera device. That has nothing to do with Figuera concepts.

I'm not writing any improvements carried out by me to the Figuera concepts having due regard to the sensitivity of my friends.

I will give you more details after Friday. My apologies for delay.
 

Doug1

  • Hero Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 763
Re: Re-Inventing The Wheel-Part1-Clemente_Figuera-THE INFINITE ENERGY MACHINE
« Reply #3119 on: February 15, 2016, 01:39:59 PM »
Glad to hear someone use the term compression of the fields. The total number of lines of force from the field result in the amount of flux which is able to be changing in the coil it is effecting. Cant very well run a wind generator in a vacuum. The density of the air turning a wind turbine does effect the force exerted on the blades the same way a jet flying at high altitude will have less wind resistance compared to flying at low altitude even air temperature has an effect. The density of the medium is used to advantage once you except it exists and begin to think in those terms. I'm not saying you can get an infinite volume to compress to an infinitely small space, it's not a black hole. You can certainly take advantage of instead of being taken advantage of by sensible design and simplicity.

 Almost forgot. Hannon I checked on the French purchase possibly he was ordering a custom built lead acid battery/s from the inventor of the lead acid battery or the successors of it or getting the technical data to produce the same. It was where the lead acid rechargeable battery was invented production would be expected to have started in France where it was invented first by Raymond Gaston Planté mid to late 1800's. Prior cells were the type that consumed the zinc and had to have the zinc replaced often enough to make it not desirable or commercially viable to develop a generator that used batteries to start.